BabelStone Blog

Monday, 1 March 2010

The Ogham Stones of Wales

Wales has the greatest number of Ogham stones of any region outside of Ireland (35 stones with definite Ogham inscriptions), but as can be seen from the map below, they are unevenly distributed, with large numbers in the south-west and the south-east, and only a handful in the north :

Location of Ogham Stones in Wales

Red tags mark the sites of certain Ogham inscriptions (a dot indicates that the stone is in situ)
Yellow tags mark the sites of dubious or unconfirmed Ogham inscriptions
Blue tags mark museums or other sites where Ogham stones are held

The modern names of Post-Roman Welsh kingdoms are overprinted in white

Distribution of Ogham Stones by Kingdom

Dyfed (Devet) : 22 certain stones (BRAW1/1, BRAW3/1, BRIDL/1, CALDY/1, CDWYR/1, CILGN/1, CLYDI/1, CLYDI/3, EGLWC/1, JRDNS/1, LDEIL/1, LDWKE/1, LFRN2/1, LGELR/1, LWNIO/1, MTHRY/1, NEVRN/1, NEVRN/2, RHDDL/1, SDOGM/1, SDOGW/1, STNTN/1) and 3 doubtful stones (HENLL/1, LDYSL/1, SPTTL/1).
Ceredigion (Cereticiaun) : 1 doubtful stone (LARTH/1).
Glywysing (Gleguising) : 2 certain stones (KENFG/1, LOUGH/1) and 2 doubtful stones (MARG1/1, SISHM/1)
Brycheiniog (Brecheniauc) : 8 certain stones (ABHYD/1, CRAI/1, CRCKH/1, DFYNG/1, PONTS/1, TCSTL/1, TRLLW/1, YFLL2/1) and 3 doubtful stones (TIRPH/1, Maen Llia, Llanfihangel-Cwmdu).
Gwynedd (Guined) : 3 certain stones (BRYNK/1, CLOCG/1, LFAEL/1) and 2 doubtful stones (PTREF/1, TFLYS/1).

The distribution of Ogham stones in Wales closely reflects the geopolitical situation of post-Roman Britain. The majority of stones are concentrated in the area of south-west Wales that belonged to the Kingdom of Dyfed (early 5th century through to the early 10th century), which was the major centre for Irish settlement in Wales during the post-Roman period. During the late 4th century and early 5th century large numbers of the Déisi crossed from the Waterford area of Ireland to Britain, and settled in the land of the Demetae in south-west Wales. Their leaders displaced the original British ruling class, and founded the kingdom of Dyfed, which is believed to have been bounded on the north by the River Teifi and on the east by the River Tywi. Dyfed was neighboured on the north by the Brythonic Kingdom of Ceredigion, and to the south-east by the Brythonic Kingdom of Glywysing, but to the east lay the Kingdom of Brycheiniog (largely corresponding to the area of modern Brecknockshire), which had also been founded by Irish raiders, and was ruled by kings of Irish descent.

Irish Settlements in Western Britain

Source : Lloyd Laing, The Archaeology of Late Celtic Britain and Ireland, c. 400–1200 AD (Methuen, 1975) Fig. 1

Over twenty Ogham stones are found within the territory of Dyfed, including a couple of stones which are just on the other side of the River Teifi, in erstwhile Cardiganshire (RHDDL/1 and LDYSL/1), but the modern course of the river clearly deviates from the course the river took fifteen hundred years ago, and they would originally have been on the Dyfed side of the river. At least eight Ogham stones are also found in the territory of Brycheiniog, testifying to the strength of Irish settlement in these two areas, and evidence that the Irish language was widely spoken here, at least by the ruling elite and land owners. There are also two Ogham stones east of the River Tywi, in what would probably have been the territory of Glywysing, suggesting that Irish settlement pushed eastwards from Dyfed into the western part of its Brythonic neighbour. To the north of Dyfed, in the territory of Ceredigion there is only one doubtful Ogham stone (LARTH/1).

In contrast to the large number of Ogham stones in South Wales (at least 32), there are only three certain Ogham inscriptions in North Wales, all within the territory of the Kingdom of Gwynedd. There had been extensive Irish raiding and settlement in the north of Wales as well as in the south, especially in the Llŷn Peninsula (the name of which is derived from the Laigin, the men of Leinster) and Anglesey, but during the late 4th century and early 5th century there was strong resistence to the Irish incursions, led by Cunedda (founder of the kingdom of Gwynedd), and the Irish did not manage to gain control of any of the kingdoms in the north. So it is perhaps to be expected that there are a few Ogham stones in the area of Gwynedd, but not very many, reflecting the presence, but not dominance, of Irish settlers in the region.

The Ordnance Survey Map of Britain in the Dark Ages (first published 1935) gives a very useful overview of the archaeological remains in Britain during the period 410–871, and comes with indexes which give the exact location of each feature marked on the map. In the case of Celtic memorial stones (with or without Ogham inscriptions), where possible the index on pages 50 and 51 provides a reference to Nash-Williams' The Early Christian Monuments of Wales (Cardiff, 1950), from which it is possible to identify the stone in question in the CISP database.

Ordnance Survey : Wales in the Dark Ages

Source : Map of Britain in the Dark Ages 2nd Edition (Ordnance Survey, 1966)

Key (selected features only)

♗♗ = Bishop's seats
✠✠ = Monastic sites
♁ = Hermitages
⚔ = Sites of battles
◉ = Forts
⊥ = Memorial stones (5th–6th centuries)
⍊ = Memorial stones (5th–6th centuries) with ogams
+ = Minor Christian monuments in Wales (7th–9th centuries)
♰♰ = Free-standing crosses
• = Casual finds in Celtic area
⦶ = Imported Mediterranean pottery
⊖ = Frankish-Gaulish ware

Blue = Celtic
Black = Pagan Anglo-Saxon
Red = Christian Anglo-Saxon

This map is very useful, but strangely enough there are a number of memorial stones in both Cornwall and Wales that are marked as having an Ogham inscription for which I can find no evidence for actually having an Ogham inscription :

Lancarffe House, Bodmin, Cornwall (LCARF/1)
Llanfaelog, Anglesey (LFAEL/1) [not marked as an Ogham stone on the actual map, but indicated as having an Ogham inscription in the index of Memorial Stones on page 50]
Llanfihangel-Cwmdu, Brecknockshire (No CISP entry)
Ystradfellte, Brecknockshire (No CISP entry)
Margam Mountain (Mynydd Margam), Glamorganshire (MARG1/1)

Up until a few days ago I had assumed that these must all have been accidentally mislabelled by the editors of the map, and that they were almost certainly without any Ogham inscription. However, on Monday I noticed on the page describing the forthcoming third volume of A Corpus of Early Medieval Inscribed Stones and Stone Sculpture in Wales the statement that "[d]iscoveries made in the course of fieldwork in 2007 include a previously unknown ogam inscription on a roman-letter inscribed stone from Llanfaelog". Upon enquiry, Professor Nancy Edwards was kind enough to provide me with the details of this discovery, and it transpires that the Ogham inscription is on the stone indicated as having an Ogham inscription on it in the index of memorial stones in the Map of Britain in the Dark Ages (cross-referenced to ECMW 10, the Mailisi stone). This stone and its Latin inscription, M‍AILISI, was first noticed by John Skinner in 1802 (Ten Days Tour through the island of Anglesea page 42 and 48; in Archaeologia Cambrensis Supplement, July 1908), when it was already in use as a lintel in a barn, and it remained built into the barn wall until the barn was demolished in 2001. Skinner only notes a Latin inscription, and I can find no mention of an Ogham inscription on this stone in any source other than the Ordnance Survey map. Moreover, according to Professor Edwards the Ogham inscription was not visible until the stone had been removed from the structure of the barn in 2001, so where, I wonder, did the Ordnance Survey get the idea that the stone did have an Ogham inscription on it ? Perhaps it is just a lucky coincidence that they accidentally mismarked the Mailisi stone as an Ogham stone, but given that there are nearly fifty memorial stones in North Wales, and only two of them (other than this stone) definitely have an Ogham inscription, it would be remarkably serendipitous to make such a mistake on the one stone that really does have an Ogham inscription amongst all the others that do not. I wonder if perhaps at one time the Ogham inscription was visible, and had been noticed by an Ordnance Survey surveyor, but later became obscured when the window it was a lintel to was perhaps rebuilt, and so the Ogham inscription was not noticed by Nash-Williams. Whatever the true explanation may be, it has made me think again about the other four stones in Wales and Cornwall that only the Ordnance Survey map indicates as having an Ogham inscription on them. Does the Ordnance Survey perhaps know something about these stones that Macalister, Nash-Williams and everyone else did not know ?

A further issue with the Ordnance Survey map (and also with the Wikipedia map) is that some of the stones indicated as having an Ogham inscription may not really have an Ogham inscription on them at all. Because of the nature of the Ogham script and the way that it is carved along edge of stones, Ogham inscriptions tend to be less durable than Latin inscriptions. Over the centuries the edges of a stone can become abraded, and the strokes of Ogham letters (especially the vowel letters) can disappear. The result of this is that most Ogham inscriptions are incomplete, and need to be reconstructed to a certain extent. This also means that ogamologists need to be on the look out for odd incisions and marks on the edges of stones that might be the vestiges of an Ogham inscription that has been all but worn away. Unfortunately, this also means that natural features of the rock or marks made by later processes (such as sharpening farm implements or weapons) may be mistaken for the remnant strokes of Ogham letters. It is also possible that Ogham inscriptions were deliberately obliterated at a later date, usually when a cross was added to the stone, either because they were thought to be pagan marks or because they were aesthetically displeasing.

R. A. S. Macalister, author of the monumental Corpus Inscriptionum Insularum Celticarum [CIIC], had a particularly fanciful imagination when it came to recognising remnants of Ogham inscriptions. Macalister identifies LARTH/1 (CIIC 348), LDYSL/1 (CIIC 349), SISHM/1 (CIIC 376), HENLL/1 (CIIC 364), PTREF/1 (CIIC 401) and TIRPH/1 (CIIC 404) in Wales, and SENDL/1 (CIIC 478) and SCLEM/1 (CIIC 473) in Cornwall, as having traces of an Ogham inscription on them. In a couple of cases there is no visible trace of any Ogham letters left on the stone, but Macalister speculates that a perceived pattern of flaking along the edges indicate that an original Ogham inscription has been deliberately obliterated. Macalister is the only authority to see the remnants of an Ogham inscription on most of these eight stones, and for some of these stones other authorities have explicitly discounted the possibility of an Ogham inscription. Thus, it is doubtful that these stones did originally have an Ogham inscription on them, but because they have been identified as having one by Macalister, they are still marked as such on the Ordnance Survey and Wikipedia maps. I have attempted to distinguish between certain Ogham inscriptions (including stones such as DFYNG/1 and MTHRY/1 that have vestiges of an Ogham inscription that are recognised by more than one authority) and doubtful Ogham inscriptions on my map, by marking certain Ogham stones with a red tag (35 stones), and marking doubtful and unconfirmed Ogham stones with a yellow tag (11 stones).

The Welsh Ogham stones are all dated to the 5th and 6th centuries, and as is the case with the Ogham stones of Cornwall and Devon, most of them have a dual inscription, in Latin (script and language) on the face of the stone, and and in Ogham/Irish on the edge of the stone. Of the 35 definite Ogham stones in Wales, only five do not have a corresponding latin inscription (BRAW1/1, BRIDL/1, LFRN2/1, LOUGH/1, YFLL2/1). In all cases the inscription records the name of a person, and optionally the name of the person's father or some other familial relationship. In almost all cases the commemorated person is male, but in one case the Ogham inscription refers to the commemorated person as the daughter of someone (EGLWC/1).

Seven of the Latin inscriptions on biscript stones incorporate the hic iacit "here lies" formula, and a little over half of the definite Ogham stones are sited in churchyards or in churches, so it seems probable that most of the stones were memorial stones or grave markers (although none have been archaeologically associated with a grave). Two stones from Brawdy, one Ogham only (BRAW1/1) and one Ogham and Latin (BRAW3/1), were found next to an Iron Age hill fort (they were being used as a footbridge and as a gatepost, so they may well have been moved from an original location inside the hill fort). It has been suggested that the hill fort may have been reused as burial site, as was the case with some other hill forts in south-west Wales during the early medieval period, which would explain the presence of two Ogham stones in the same location (see Nancy Edwards, Early-Medieval Inscribed Stones and Stone Sculpture in Wales: Context and Function page 22). Another stone (CLOCG/1) originally stood on the summit of a burial mound called Bryn-y-Beddau "Hill of the Graves", in the close viscinity of a number of stone circles. Two stones originally stood close to Roman roads : the memorial to Icorix (BRYNK/1) was 200 m. from the road to Caernarfon and 300 m. from a minor Roman fort; and the memorial to Voteporix the Protector (CDWYR/1) was found at the edge of a churchyard about 200 m. south of a Roman road. The siting of these two memorial stones may reflect a continuation of the Roman custom of roadside burial, or may simply thave been intended to let the memorial be seen by people travelling along the road. Although most stones were probably memorials to the dead, there are also a few stones that are sited on open moorland (YFLL2/1) or in mountainous countryside (PONTS/1) that are nowhere near ecclesiastical or burial sites, and so may have been used as markers of land ownership, as was probably the original purpose of Ogham stones in Ireland.

The names engraved in the Ogham inscriptions on the Welsh stones are overwhelmingly Goidelic, with only a few names that are probably Brythonic, some possibly indicative of intermarriage between Irish settlers and the native British inhabitants :

TRENACCATLO "Of Trenaccatlo" [corresponding to Trenacatvs in the associated Latin inscription] (RHDDL/1)
INIGENA CUNIGNI AVITTORIGES "Of the daughter of Cunignos, Avittoriga" [the daughter's name is either Goidelic or Brythonic, but the father's name is Brythonic; this stone is perhaps a memorial to his British wife set up by an Irish settler] (EGLWC/1)
MAGLICUNAS MAQI CLUTARI "Of Maglicunas, son of Clutarias" [both names are Brythonic, and Thomas 1994 identifies the father with Clotri, one of the kings of Dyfed] (NEVRN/1)
SAGRAGNI MAQI CUNATAMI "Of Sagragnus, son of Cunatamus" [the son's name is Goidelic, but the father's name is Brythonic] (SDOGM/1)

In comparison with Cornwall and Devon, where three of the six definite Ogham inscriptions that we can read commemorate people with Latin names (Ingenuus, Iustus and Latinus), only four out of the thirty-five definite Ogham inscriptions in Wales commemorate someone with a Latin name. This difference is probably due to the relatively small number of Irish settlers in Dumnonia becoming culturally assimilated within the Romano-British population; whereas the Irish settlers in Wales belonged to large Irish communities, and so there was no pressure on them to adopt Latin names in favour of Irish names.

ETTERNI MAQI VICTOR "Of Etternus, son of Victor" [both names are Latin] (CLYDI/1)
TURPILLI MAQI TRILLUNI "Of Turpillius, son of Trillunus" [both names are Latin] (CRCKH/1)
POPIAS ROLION MAQI LLENA "Of Popia, ... son of Llena" [Popia or Popias is probably a Celticized version of the name Pvmpeivs given in the associated Latin inscription] (KENFG/1)
VITALIANI "Of Vitalianus" (NEVRN/2)

The CRCKH/1 and KENFG/1 inscriptions both illustrate the use of the rare Ogham letter Ifin or Iphin (earlier Pin, from Latin pinus "pine" or spina "thorn" ?) ᚘ (in manuscript texts written as two overlapping diagonal crosses, but in monumental inscriptions written as a single diagonal cross) that is used to represent /p/ in Latin, Brythonic or Pictish names. As Primitive Irish did not have a /p/ sound there was originally no Ogham letter for /p/, and so the cross-shaped letter was added to represent this foreign sound. In later medieval Irish tradition this letter was repurposed as the diphthong /io/, and a new letter Peith ᚚ introduced to represent /p/ in its place. The only other definite occurence of this letter on an Ogham stone inscription is in County Kerry, Ireland (COOLE/1), where it is used to write the name Erpenn, which Macalister suggests is a hybrid of the Pictish name Erp and the Irish diminuitive -én.

One other interesting feature of the Ogham transcription of non-Irish names is exhibited by the St Dogwell's stone (SDOGW/1), where the name written in the Latin script as HOGTIVIS is written in the Ogham script as OGTEN[AS]. The language and derivation of the name Hogtivis is obscure, but it cannot be Goidelic. In writing the name Hogtivis in Ogham letters, the initial H has been dropped, which confirms that the Ogham letter uath ᚆ, which in later medieval Irish tradition is used to represent the Latin letter H, but which does not occur in Ogham inscriptions on memorial stones, was not used to represent the /h/ sound at this time. Exactly what the original phonetic value of this letter was is unknown ([y] has been suggested), but it had become obsolete by the time that Primitive Irish came to be inscribed on memorial stones in the 4th to 6th centuries.

[The Ogham stones of Wales are grouped in tables according to the historic county in which they are sited.]

Anglesey (Sir Fôn)

Llanfaelog Stone (LFAEL/1)

Site	Penseiri Farm, Trecastell, Llanfaelog, Anglesey.
NGR	SH 3346 7066
Current Location	In an outbuilding north of the farmhouse (the barn having been demolished in 2001).
History	Found in 1802 in a field, then used as the lintel for a window in a nearby barn.
Description	Rectangular slab with vertical Latin inscription on one face, and an Ogham inscription along one edge.
Dimensions	Unknown.
Date	400–533 (Nash-Williams 1950) 400–599 (Edwards 2010)
Notes	This stone is marked as an Ogham stone on the Ordnance Survey Map of Britain in the Dark Ages, but no Ogham inscription is noted in the CISP database or appears to have been published elsewhere. When the stone was examined by Professor Nancy Edwards in 2007 she noticed the remnants of a previously unrecorded Ogham inscription on the stone (my thanks to Professor Edwards for kindly providing me with details of the stone and its inscriptions in advance of its publication in the forthcoming third volume of A Corpus of Early Medieval Inscribed Stones and Stone Sculpture in Wales covering North Wales).
References	CISP LFAEL/1 Nash-Williams 1950 10

Nash-Williams 1950 #10

Latin Inscription

Transcription	{MA}ILISꟷ
Reading	MAILISI
Translation	Of Mailisus

Ogham Inscription

Ogham Text	ᚋᚐᚔᚂᚔᚄᚔ  (left edge, bottom-to-top ?)
Transcription	M[--]S[--]
Reading	M[AILI]S[I]
Translation	Of Mailisus

Brecknockshire (Sir Frycheiniog)

Aberhydfer Stone (ABHYD/1)

Site	Aberhydfer, Trecastle, Powys.
NGR	SN 8590 2780
Current Location	Inside St David's Church, Llywel.
History	Found in 1954 by Canon Jones-Davies in a wall/hedge blocking an old trackway by the River Usk.
Description	Sandstone pillar stone with a vertical Latin inscription on one face, and an Ogham inscription along the left edge.
Dimensions	1.82 × 0.33 × 0.22 m.
Date
Notes	The Ogham inscription cuts across the Latin inscription where the stone has been chamfered, indicating that the Ogham inscription postdates the Latin inscription.
References	CISP ABHYD/1

Latin Inscription

Transcription	[--]CIVS \| [--]VS: \| [--]AV[R] \| [-][A]NVS[--]
Reading	[LU]CIVS [FILI]VS [T]AVR[I]ANVS
Translation	Lucius, son of Taurianus

Ogham Inscription

Ogham Text	ᚈᚐᚏᚔᚉᚑᚏᚑ  (left edge, bottom-to-top)
Transcription	TARI[--]OR[--]
Reading	TARI[C]OR[O]
Translation	Of Taricoris (or Taricorus)

Crickhowell Stone (CRCKH/1)

Site	Ty-yn-y-wlad Farm, Crickhowell, Powys.
NGR	SO 2250 1930
Current Location	Brecknock Museum & Art Gallery, Brecon [Cast No. 06.482].
History	Found in 1774 by the side of a field.
Description	Pillar stone with a vertical Latin inscription in three lines on one face, and an Ogham inscription along the left edge.
Dimensions	1.98 × 0.53 × 0.18 m.
Date	500–599 (Nash-Williams 1950)
Notes
References	CISP CRCKH/1 Macalister 1945 #327 Nash-Williams 1950 43 Ferguson 1887 189 Brash 1869 153

Macalister 1945 #327

Latin Inscription

Transcription	CIT \| TVRPILLIICIA \| PVVERITRILVNIDVNOCA \| TI
Reading	TVRPILLI <H>IC IACIT PVVERI TRILVNI DVNOCATI
Translation	Of Turpillius. here lies the son of Trilunus Dunocatus

Ogham Inscription

Ogham Text	ᚈᚒᚏᚘᚔᚂᚂᚔᚋᚐᚊᚔᚈᚏᚔᚂᚂᚒᚅᚔ (left edge, bottom-to-top)
Transcription	TURPIL[--]LUN[U!]
Reading	TURPIL[LI] [MAQI] [TRIL]LUNI
Translation	Of Turpillius, son of Trillunus
Notes	Macalister reads as TURPILI MOSAC TRALLONI "Of Turpilus, boy (=attendant) of Trallonus".

Defynnog Stone (DFYNG/1)

Site	St Cynog's Church, Defynnog, Maescar, Powys.
NGR	SN 9250 2790
Current Location	In Situ.
History	Discovered in 1853, at which time it was built into the external face of the church tower.
Description	Sandstone pillar stone with a vertical Latin inscription in two lines on one face, an uncertain Ogham inscription along the right edge, and an engraved cross at one end.
Dimensions	1.68 × 0.25 × 0.15 m.
Date	400–533 (Nash-Williams 1950)
Notes	The reading of the Ogham inscription is uncertain, as only a few isolated strokes of the original inscription remain. "Ogham, almost all of which was trimmed away by the masons. Only the tips of three letters lying upon the H-surface remain" (Macalister 1945 p.318). "Possible vestiges of Ogams appear on the r. angle of the face" (Nash-Williams 1950 p.69). The cross was probably added later, changing the original orientation of the stone.
References	CISP DFYNG/1 Macalister 1945 #328 Nash-Williams 1950 44

Macalister 1945 #328

Latin Inscription

Transcription	RVGNIATIO \| [--]LIVENDONI
Reading	RUGNIATIO FILI VENDONI
Translation	Of Rugniatis, son of Vendonius

Ogham Inscription

Ogham Text	ᚏᚒᚌᚅᚔᚐᚈᚔᚐᚋᚐᚊᚔᚃᚓᚅᚇᚑᚅᚔ (right edge, bottom-to-top)
Transcription	[--]T[--]Q[--]D[--]
Reading	[RUGNIA]T[IA MA]Q[I VEN]D[ONI]
Translation	Of Rugniatis, son of Vendonius

Trecastle Stone (TCSTL/1)

Site	Pentre Poeth Farm, Capel Llanilid, Trecastle, Powys.
NGR	SN 8700 2900
Current Location	British Museum (G41) [1878,1102.1].
History	Found in 1878 in rough farmland.
Description	Sandstone pillar stone with a vertical Latin inscription on one face, and an Ogham inscription along the right edge.
Dimensions	Unknown.
Date	400–533 (Nash-Williams 1950)
Notes	The stone is richly decorated on the reverse (click on the image to see both sides of the stone), but these decorations were probably added later, and are upsidedown with respect to the original orientation of the stone.
References	CISP TCSTL/1 Macalister 1945 #341 Nash-Williams 1950 71 Ferguson 1887 205

Photo © Trustees of the British Museum

Macalister 1945 #341

Latin Inscription

Transcription	{MA}CCVTRENI+SALICIDVNI
Reading	MACCVTRENI + SALICIDVNI
Translation	Of Maccutrenus Salicidunus

Ogham Inscription

Ogham Text	ᚋᚐᚊᚒᚈᚏᚓᚅᚔᚄᚐᚂᚔᚉᚔᚇᚒᚅᚔ  (right edge, bottom-to-top)
Transcription	MAQUTRENISALICIDUNI
Reading	MAQUTRENI SALICIDUNI
Translation	Of Maquutrenus Salicidunus
Notes	This is the reading of Nash-Williams 1950. Macalister 1945 reads MAQITRENI instead of MAQUTRENI.

Crai Stone (CRAI/1)

Site	Pentre Goch Garreg, Crai, Brecknock, Powys.
NGR	SN 8770 2350
Current Location	Lost.
History	First recorded in 1698 by Edward Lhuyd.
Description	Pillar stone with a vertical Latin inscription in two lines on one face, and an Ogham inscription along the left edge.
Dimensions	3.20 × 0.30 × 0.15 m.
Date	400–533 (Nash-Williams 1950)
Notes	This stone is only known from a 1698 drawing by Edward Lhuyd, who was unaware at the time that the marks along the edge of the stone were Ogham letters (it was not until 1702–1707 that Lhuyd recognised the marks on the edge of EMLGE/1 as an alphabetic inscription, but even then he did not realise that they were Ogham ["Several Observations Relating to the Antiquities and Natural History of Ireland"; in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London vol.27 (1710) pp.503–506]). The Ogham inscription as drawn by Lhuyd cannot be meaningfully interpretted.
References	CISP CRAI/1 Macalister 1945 #329 Nash-Williams 1950 42

Nash-Williams 1950 #42

Latin Inscription

Transcription	CAN{NT}IANIET \| P{AT}ERILLIVS{MA}CCV \| TRENIHICIA \| CIT
Reading	CANNTIANI ET PATER ILLIVS MACCVTRENI HIC IACIT
Translation	Of Cantianus and his father Maccutrenus, he lies here

Ogham Inscription

Ogham Text	ᚁᚋ ᚄ  ᚅ  ᚅ  ᚅ  (left edge, bottom-to-top)
Transcription	B[M][--]S[--]N[--]N[--]N
Reading
Translation

Llanfihangel-Cwmdu Stone

Site	Llanfihangel-Cwmdu, Powys.
NGR	SO 1510 2190
Current Location	In situ ?
History
Description	Pillar stone.
Dimensions	Unknown.
Date
Notes	Marked as an Ogham stone on the Ordnance Survey Map of Britain in the Dark Ages, but there appears to be no entry for this stone in the CISP database.
References

Trallong Stone (TRLLW/1)

Site	St David's Church, Trallwng (Trallong), Brecknock, Powys.
NGR	SN 9660 2950
Current Location	Inside the new St David's Church, Trallong.
History	Discovered in 1856, at which time it was being used as the lintel for a window in the old church.
Description	Sandstone pillar stone with a vertical Latin inscription in two lines on one face, and Ogham inscription along the left edge, and an engraved cross at one end.
Dimensions	1.75 × 0.36 × 0.13 m.
Date	400–533 (Nash-Williams 1950) 500–550 (Jackson 1953)
Notes	The cross was added later, changing the original orientation of the stone.
References	CISP TRLLW/1 Macalister 1945 #342 Nash-Williams 1950 70 Ferguson 1887 199 Brash 1869 161

Macalister 1945 #342

Latin Inscription

Transcription	CVNOCENNIFILIVS \| CVNOGENIHICIACIT
Reading	CVNOCENNI FILIVS CVNOGENI HIC IACIT
Translation	Of Cunocennius, son of Cunogenus, he lies here

Ogham Inscription

Ogham Text	ᚉᚒᚅᚐᚉᚓᚅᚅᚔᚃᚔᚔᚂᚃᚃᚓᚈᚑ  (left edge, bottom-to-top)
Transcription	CUNACENNIFIILFFETO
Reading	CUNACENNIVI ILVVETO
Translation	Of Cunacennivus Ilvveto(s)
Notes	The latter part of the inscription is problematic, and several different interpretations have been offered.

Pontsticill Stone (PONTS/1)

Site	Ystrad mountain, Pontsticill, Merthyr Tydfil.
NGR	SO 0730 1310
Current Location	In Cwm Criban valley below Ystrad mountain (rediscovered by Webley in 1957).
History	Discovered in 1694 on Ystrad mountain (according to Edward Lhuyd).
Description	Pillar stone with a faint Latin inscription on one face, and an Ogham inscription along the left edge.
Dimensions	1.65 × 0.35 × 0.30 m.
Date	400–599 (Nash-Williams 1950)
Notes
References	CISP PONTS/1 Macalister 1945 #336 Nash-Williams 1950 67A

Latin Inscription

Transcription	[--] \| [--]MAQI[--]
Reading	[--] MAQI [--]
Translation	..., son of ...

Ogham Inscription

Ogham Text	ᚋᚐᚊᚔᚇᚓᚉᚓᚇᚐ  (left edge, bottom-to-top)
Transcription	M[--]Q[--]D[--]C[--]DA
Reading	M[A]Q[I]D[E]C[E]DA
Translation	Maqi-Deceda

Ystradfellte Stone I (YFLL2/1)

Site	Pen-y-Mynydd, Ystradfellte, Caer Madoc, Powys.
NGR	SN 9180 1570
Current Location	Cyfarthfa Castle Musuem & Art Gallery, Merthyr Tydfil, Glamorgan.
History	Discovered in 1789 on open moorland.
Description	Pillar stone with an Ogham inscription along the left edge, and an engraved cross at one end.
Dimensions	1.88 × 0.25 × 0.25 m.
Date	400–599 (Nash-Williams 1950)
Notes
References	CISP YFLL2/1 Macalister 1945 #345 Nash-Williams 1950 74

Macalister 1945 #345

Ogham Inscription

Ogham Text	ᚌᚂᚒᚃᚑᚉᚐ (left edge, bottom-to-top)
Ogham Text	ᚔ  (right edge, bottom-to-top)
Transcription	GLUFOCA[--] \| I[--]
Reading	GLUVOCA[--] I[--]
Translation	Of Gluvoca[..]

Ystradfellte Stone II

Local Name	Maen Llia
Site	Ystradfellte, Powys.
NGR	SN 9240 1910
Current Location	In situ (near the road from Ystradfellte to Heol Senni).
History
Description	Pillar stone with no visible inscriptions or marks.
Dimensions	Unknown.
Date
Notes	This stone is marked as an Ogham stone on the Ordnance Survey Map of Britain in the Dark Ages, but there appears to be no entry for this stone in the CISP database.
References

Caernarvonshire (Sir Gaernarfon)

Brynkir Stone (BRYNK/1)

Site	Llystyngwyn Farm, Brynkir, Dolbenmaen, Gwynedd.
NGR	SH 4820 4554
Current Location	Farmyard of Llystyngwyn Farm.
History	Discovered in 1902 near a gap in a hedge, 200 m. from a Roman road.
Description	Granite slab with a horizontal Latin inscription in three lines, and an Ogham inscription along the right edge.
Dimensions	1.02 × 1.09 × 0.36 m.
Date	500–599 (Nash-Williams 1950)
Notes
References	CISP BRYNK/1 Macalister 1945 #380 Nash-Williams 1950 84

Macalister 1945 #380

Latin Inscription

Transcription	ICORIFILIVS \| POTENTI \| NI
Reading	ICORI<X> FILIVS POTENTINI
Translation	Icorix, son of Potentinus

Ogham Inscription

Ogham Text	ᚔᚉᚑᚏᚔᚌᚐᚄ (right edge, bottom-to-top)
Transcription	ICORIGAS
Reading	ICORIGAS
Translation	Of Icorix

Treflys Stone (TFLYS/1)

Site	St Michael's Church, Treflys, Gwynedd.
NGR	SH 5343 3784
Current Location	Inside the church.
History	Discovered in 1904 in the foundation of the western wall of the churchyard.
Description	Slate pillar stone with a chi-rho cross and Latin inscription on one face.
Dimensions	1.33 × 0.36 × 0.20 m.
Date	500–599 (Nash-Williams 1950)
Notes	No Ogham inscription is now visible, but Macalister 1945 notes that the left hand edge has been chipped, "as though to destroy an Ogham".
References	CISP TFLYS/1 Macalister 1945 #398 Nash-Williams 1950 106

Macalister 1945 #398

Latin Inscription

Transcription	IACONVS{FI}{LIVS}MINꟷ \| IACIT
Reading	IACONVS FILIVS MINI IACIT
Translation	Jaconus, son of Minus, lies [here]

Cardiganshire (Sir Aberteifi)

Llanarth Stone (LARTH/1)

Site	St David's Church, Llanarth, Ceredigion.
NGR	SN 4229 5772
Current Location	Inside the church.
History	Found in 1808 in the churchyard.
Description	Cross stone with a damaged Latin inscription running vertically down the shaft of the cross, and a doubtful Ogham inscription along the left edge.
Dimensions	1.47 × 0.61 × 0.25 m.
Date	400–533 (Nash-Williams 1950)
Notes	The Ogham inscription is doubtful, and only legible to Macalister. "Apparently the artist of the cross did not notice his predecessor's work till he had completed his task, and when he did so, cautiously chipped it away, taking care not to spoil his own handiwork. He was obliged to spare the final S, which lay upon the arm of the cross, to avoid spoiling the latter with an unsightly flake. The work of destruction has not been complete: his carefulness has forced him to leave tips of scores along the B-surface: an R, an N (possibly), and L and a G can thus be traced; indeed, the second score of the last letter can be followed almost throughout its length. Restoring the vowels by the interspaces, and supplying an inevitable initial T, we arrive at TRENALUGOS as the most probable restoration" (Macalister 1945 p.333). "On the edge of the left arm-end what appear to be ogam strokes cannot be earlier than the cross and are likely to be strokes made by sharpening tools or weapons" (Thomas 1994 p.417).
References	CISP LARTH/1 Macalister 1945 #348 Nash-Williams 1950 110

Macalister 1945 #348

Latin Inscription

Transcription	G[URHI][R^S]T
Reading	GURHI[R]T
Translation	Gurhirt (or Girhirst)

Ogham Inscription

Ogham Text	ᚈᚏᚓᚅᚐᚂᚒᚌᚑᚄ  (left edge, bottom-to-top)
Transcription	[--]R[--]N[--]L[--]G[--]S
Reading	[T]R[E]N[A]L[U]G[O]S
Translation	Trenalugos
Notes	This is Macalister's restoration.

Llandysul Stone (LDYSL/1)

Site	St Tysul's Church, Llandysul, Ceredigion.
NGR	SN 4190 4060
Current Location	Inside the church (set into the north wall of the vestry).
History	Discovered in 1703 in the wall of the churchyard.
Description	Broken piece of pillar stone with a vertical Latin inscription in three lines on one face, and a doubtful Ogham inscription on the left edge.
Dimensions	0.44 × 0.36 m.
Date	500–599 (Nash-Williams 1950) 525–575 (Jackson 1953)
Notes	The broken upper portion of a pillar stone. The Ogham inscription is doubtful, and has only been recognised by Macalister. "The surviving traces—mere distal tips of the scores—of the Ogham suggest a V and an R, probably relics of the name [VEL]V[O]R[IGES]" (Macalister 1945 p.335).
References	CISP LDYSL/1 Macalister 1945 #349 Nash-Williams 1950 121

Macalister 1945 #349

Latin Inscription

Transcription	VELVOR[--] \| {FI}LIA \| BROHO[--]
Reading	VELVOR[IA] FILIA BROHO[MAGLI]
Translation	Velvoria, daughter of Brohomaglos

Ogham Inscription

Ogham Text	ᚃᚓᚂᚃᚑᚏᚔᚌᚓᚄ (left edge, bottom-to-top)
Transcription	[--]F[--]R[--]
Reading	[VEL]V[O]R[IGES]
Translation	Velvoriges

Rhyddlan Stone (RHDDL/1)

Site	Crug y Wyl Farm, Rhyddlan, Llanwenog, Ceredigion.
NGR	SN 4860 4241
Current Location	National Museum of Wales, Cardiff. (A History of the World)
History	Discovered in 1808 in the foundations of the ruins of Capel Wyl.
Description	Rectangular pillar stone with a vertical Latin inscription in three lines on one face, and an Ogham inscription along the left and top edges.
Dimensions	1.78 × 0.36 × 0.20 m.
Date	400–533 (Nash-Williams 1950)
Notes
References	CISP RHDDL/1 Macalister 1945 #353 Nash-Williams 1950 127 Ferguson 1887 192 Brash 1869 160

Macalister 1945 #353

Latin Inscription

Transcription	TRENACATVS \| ICIACITFILIVS \| MAGLAGNI
Reading	TRENACATVS <H>IC IACIT FILIVS MAGLAGNI
Translation	Trenacatus, here lies the son of Maglagnus

Ogham Inscription

Ogham Text	ᚈᚏᚓᚅᚐᚉᚉᚐᚈᚂᚑ  (left and top edges, bottom-to-top)
Transcription	TRENACCATLO
Reading	TRENACCATLO
Translation	Of Trenaccatlo

Carmarthenshire (Sir Gaerfyrddin)

Castell Dwyran Stone (CDWYR/1)

Site	Castell Dwyran, Cilymaenllwyd, Carmarthenshire.
NGR	SN 1440 1819
Current Location	Carmarthen Museum.
History	Discovered in 1895 in the churchyard fence.
Description	Pillar stone with an engraved cross and a horizontal Latin inscription in three lines on one face, and an Ogham inscription along the left and top edge.
Dimensions	2.11 × 0.61 × 0.30 m.
Date	540–550 (Nash-Williams 1950) 550–550 (Jackson 1953) 533–566 (McManus 1991)
Notes	VOTEPORIGIS/VOTECORIGAS has long been identified with Vortipor, a 6th-century king of Dyfed mentioned by Gildas, but recent scholarship tends to reject this identification on the basis that the lack of an R in the first syllable of the name in both the Ogham and Latin inscriptions cannot be reconciled with the spelling of the name given in historic sources.
References	CISP CDWYR/1 Macalister 1945 #358 Nash-Williams 1950 138

Macalister 1945 #358

Latin Inscription

Transcription	MEMORIA \| VOTEPORIGIS \| PROTICTORIS
Reading	MEMORIA VOTEPORIGIS PROTICTORIS
Translation	The memorial of Voteporix the Protector

Ogham Inscription

Ogham Text	ᚃᚑᚈᚓᚉᚑᚏᚔᚌᚐᚄ  (left edge, bottom-to-top)
Transcription	FOTECORIGAS
Reading	VOTECORIGAS
Translation	Of Votecorix

Eglwyscummin Stone (EGLWC/1)

Site	St Margaret's Church, Eglwyscummin, Carmarthenshire.
NGR	SN 2310 1065
Current Location	Inside the church.
History	Discovered in 1889 in the churchyard at which time it was being used as a step on the south side of the church.
Description	Sandstone pillar stone with a vertical Latin inscription in two lines on one face, and an Ogham inscription on the left and right edges. The top of the stone is broken off and missing.
Dimensions	1.02 × 0.33 × 0.25 m.
Date	400–533 (Nash-Williams 1950) 466–499 (Jackson 1953)
Notes
References	CISP EGLWC/1 Macalister 1945 #362 Nash-Williams 1950 142

Macalister 1945 #362

Latin Inscription

Transcription	AVITORIA \| FILIACVNIGNI
Reading	AVITORIA FILIA CVNIGNI
Translation	Avitoria daughter of Cunignus

Ogham Inscription

Ogham Text	ᚔᚅᚔᚌᚓᚅᚐᚉᚒᚅᚔᚌᚅᚔ (left edge, bottom-to-top)
	ᚐᚃᚔᚈᚈᚑᚏᚔᚌᚓᚄ (right edge, bottom-to-top)
Transcription	INIGENA CUNIGNI \| AFITTORIGES
Reading	INIGENA CUNIGNI AVITTORIGES
Translation	Of the daughter of Cunignos, Avittoriga

Llandawke Stone (LDWKE/1)

Site	St Odoceus' Church, Llandawke, Carmarthenshire.
NGR	SN 2820 1120
Current Location	Inside the church.
History	Discovered in 1838 in the churchyard.
Description	Pillar stone with a vertical Latin inscription in two lines on one face and one line on the left side, and an Ogham inscription along the left and right edges.
Dimensions	1.37 × 0.30 × 0.08 m.
Date	400–533 (Nash-Williams 1950) 400–450 (Thomas 1994)
Notes
References	CISP LDWKE/1 Macalister 1945 #368 Nash-Williams 1950 150 Ferguson 1887 198

Macalister 1945 #368

Latin Inscription

Transcription	BARRIVENDꟷ \| {FI}LIVSVENDVBARI \| HICIACIT
Reading	BARRIVENDI FILIVS VENDVBARI HIC IACIT
Translation	Of Barrivendus, son of Vendubarus, he lies here

Ogham Inscription

Ogham Text	ᚇᚒᚋᚓᚂᚓᚇᚑᚅᚐᚄ (right edge, bottom-to-top)
	ᚋᚐᚊᚔᚋᚒᚉᚑᚔ (left edge, bottom-to-top)
Transcription	DUMELEDONAS \| MAQIM[--]
Reading	DUMELEDONAS MAQI M[UCOI] [--]
Translation	Of Dumeledo, son of the tribe of ...

Llangeler Stone (LGELR/1)

Site	Capel Mair, Llangeler, Carmarthenshire.
NGR	SN 4030 3800
Current Location	Inside the chapel.
History	Discoverd in 1828 in the chapel cemetery.
Description	Gritstone pillarstone with a vertical Latin inscription in two lines on one face, and an Ogham inscription along the right and top edges.
Dimensions	1.05 × 0.46 × 0.10 m.
Date	466–599 (Nash-Williams 1950) 475–525 (Thomas 1994)
Notes
References	CISP LGELR/1 Macalister 1945 #372 Nash-Williams 1950 160

Macalister 1945 #372

Latin Inscription

Transcription	DE[CAB]ARBALOM \| FILIVS BROCAGNꟷ
Reading	DECABARBALOM FILIUS BROCAGNI
Translation	Decabarbalom son of Brocagnus

Ogham Inscription

Ogham Text	ᚇᚓᚉᚉᚐᚔ ᚁᚐᚏᚃᚐᚂᚁᚋᚐᚊᚔᚁᚏᚑᚉᚐᚌᚅᚔ  (right edge, bottom-to-top)
Transcription	[--]I BARFALB[--][R]O[--][L!][U!]
Reading	[DECCA]IBARVALB [MAQI B]RO[CAG]NI
Translation	Deccaibarvalb, son of Brocagnus
Notes	The inscription is extremely uncertain, and a number of different readings have been made. The reading above is based on Macalister 1945.

St Ishmael Stone (SISHM/1)

Site	All Saints Church, Llansaint, St Ishmael's (Llan Ishmael), Carmarthenshire.
NGR	SN 3846 0804
Current Location	In Situ.
History	Discovered in 1846, at which time it was built into the external wall of the church.
Description	Pillar stone with a vertical Latin inscription in two lines on one face. The edges of the stone have been flaked away.
Dimensions	1.47 × 0.27 m.
Date
Notes	The Ogham inscription is very doubtful. According to Macalister the sides and tops of the stone have been flaked away in order destroy an original Ogham inscription, of which he sees the remnant strokes of a single letter.
References	CISP SISHM/1 Macalister 1945 #376 Nash-Williams 1950 174

Macalister 1945 #376

Latin Inscription

Transcription	VENNISETLꟷ \| FILIVSERC:AGNꟷ
Reading	VENNISETLI FILIVS ERCAGNI
Translation	Of Vennisetl, son of Ercagnus

Ogham Inscription

Ogham Text	ᚃᚓᚅᚅᚔᚄᚓᚈᚂᚔᚋᚐᚊᚔᚓᚏᚉᚐᚌᚅᚔ  (left-top-right edges, top-to-bottom, then bottom to-top)
Transcription	[--]G[--]
Reading	[VENNISETLI MAQI ERCA]G[NI]
Translation	Of Ercagni

Llanwinio Stone (LWNIO/1)

Site	Llanwinio Church, Llanwinio, Carmarthenshire.
NGR	SN 2610 2646
Current Location	Carmarthen Museum, Cast at National Museum of Wales [14.306/5], Cardiff.
History	Discovered in 1846 whilst digging the foundations of the new church at Llanwinio Carn.
Description	Pillar stone with a vertical Latin inscription in three lines on one face, an Ogham inscription on the left and right edges, and an engraved cross at one end. The top of the stone is broken off and missing.
Dimensions	1.19 × 0.38 × 0.29 m.
Date	400–599 (Nash-Williams 1950) 500–533 (Jackson 1953) 500–533 (McManus 1991)
Notes	The cross was probably added later, changing the original orientation of the stone. Macalister 1945 suggests that there would have been a third line of Ogham on the third edge of the stone, which is now broken off.
References	CISP LWNIO/1 Macalister 1945 #378 Nash-Williams 1950 169 Ferguson 1887 201

Macalister 1945 #378

Latin Inscription

Transcription	BI{VA}Dꟷ \| AVIBODIBE \| VE
Reading	BIVADI AVI BODIBEVE
Translation	Of Bivadus, grandson of Bodibeva

Ogham Inscription

Ogham Text	ᚁᚔᚃᚃᚔᚇᚑᚅᚐᚄ  (right edge, bottom-to-top)
	ᚐᚃᚃᚔᚁᚑᚇᚇᚔᚁᚓᚃᚃᚐᚄ  (left edge, bottom-to-top)
Transcription	BIFF[U!][--] \| AFFIBODDIB[A!][--]
Reading	BIVV[IDONAS] AVVI BODDIB[EVVAS]
Translation	Of Bivvidu, grandson of Boddibevva

Henllan Amgoed Stone (HENLL/1)

Site	Parciau House, Henllan Amgoed, Carmarthenshire.
NGR	SN 1750 1970
Current Location	In Situ (but moved to an adjacent field).
History	Found in 1697 in a field called Parc y Maen ("Field of the Stone").
Description	Pillar stone with a vertical Latin inscription in two lines on one face.
Dimensions	1.60 × 0.53 × 0.33 m.
Date
Notes	The Ogham inscription is doubtful. "At best, for the greater part of its length, it is recognizable only by the hollows which the groups of letter-scores have left on the two sides of the angle" (Macalister 1945 pp.348-349).
References	CISP HENLL/1 Macalister 1945 #364 Nash-Williams 1950 144

Nash-Williams 1950 #144

Latin Inscription

Transcription	QUENVENDANꟷ \| FILIBARCUNꟷ
Reading	QUENVENDANI FILI BARCUNI
Translation	Of Quenvendanus, son of Barcunus

Ogham Inscription

Ogham Text	ᚊᚒᚓᚅᚃᚓᚅᚇᚐᚅᚔᚋᚐᚊᚁᚐᚏᚉᚒᚅᚔ  (left edge, bottom-to-top)
Transcription	[--]NFENDANIM[--]B[--]R[--]
Reading	[QUE]NVENDANI M[AQ] B[A]R[CUNI]
Translation	Of Quenvendanus, son of Barcunus

Denbighshire (Sir Ddinbych)

Clocaenog Stone (CLOCG/1)

Site	Bryn-y-Beddau, Clocaenog, Denbighshire.
NGR	SJ 0520 5320
Current Location	National Museum of Wales [36.473], Cardiff.
History	Found in 1693 on the summit of a burial mound called Bryn-y-Beddau ("Hill of the Graves").
Description	Sandstone pillar stone with a horizontal Latin inscription on one face, and an Ogham inscription on the left and right edges.
Dimensions	2.00 × 0.64 × 0.58 m.
Date	400–533 (Nash-Williams 1950) 466–499 (Jackson 1953)
Notes
References	CISP CLOCG/1 Macalister 1945 #399 Nash-Williams 1950 176 Ferguson 1887 195

Macalister 1945 #399

Latin Inscription

Transcription	SIMILINI \| TOVISACI
Reading	SIMILINI TOVISACI
Translation	Of Similinus the Prince

Ogham Inscription

Ogham Text	ᚄᚔᚁᚔᚂᚔᚅᚔ  (left edge, bottom-to-top)
	ᚈᚑᚃᚔᚄᚐᚉᚔ  (right edge, bottom-to-top)
Transcription	S[--]B[--]L[--]N[--] \| [--]FISACI
Reading	S[I]B[I]L[I]N[I] [TO]VISACI
Translation	Of Sibilinus the Prince

Pentrefoelas Stone (PTREF/1)

Site	Ty'n y bryn Farm, Dol tre beddau, Pentrefoelas, Conwy.
NGR	SJ 0760 3000
Current Location	Pentrefoelas Hall.
History	Discovered in 1820, lining a grave in a cemetery of forty graves under Ty'n y bryn Farm.
Description	Pillar stone with a vertical Latin inscription in three lines on one face.
Dimensions	1.52 × 0.52 × 0.08 m.
Date	400–533 (Nash-Williams 1950) 500–549 (Jackson 1953)
Notes	The Ogham inscription is doubtful, and has only been recognised by Macalister.
References	CISP PTREF/1 Macalister 1945 #401 Nash-Williams 1950 183

Macalister 1945 #401

Latin Inscription

Transcription	BROHO{MA}GLI \| IATTIICIACIT \| ETVXOREIVSC{AV}{NE}
Reading	BROHOMAGLI IATTI <H>IC IACIT ET UXOR EIUS CAUNE
Translation	Of Brohomaglus Iattus; he lies here, and his wife Caune

Ogham Inscription

Ogham Text	ᚁᚏᚑᚆᚑᚋᚐᚌᚂᚔ  (right edge, top-to-bottom)
Transcription	[--]R[--]
Reading	[B]R[OHOMAGLI]
Translation	Of Brohomaglus

Glamorganshire (Sir Forgannwg)

Tirphil Stone (TIRPH/1)

Site	Capel Brithdir, Bargoed, Gelli-gaer, Tirphil, Caerphilly.
NGR	SO 1375 0262
Current Location	National Museum of Wales [23.283], Cardiff.
History	Found in 1861 in a field next to Capel Brithdir.
Description	Sandstone pillar stone with a vertical Latin inscription in four lines on one face.
Dimensions	2.25 × 1.00 × 0.22 m.
Date
Notes	The Ogham inscription is doubtful, and has only been recognised by Macalister. "There are no oghamic marks whatever upon the edges" (Jones 1862 p.220). "The suggestion that there are traces of Ogam cannot be maintained" (Royal Commission on Ancient and Historical Monuments in Wales 1976 p.36).
References	CISP TIRPH/1 Macalister 1945 #404 Nash-Williams 1950 270

Macalister 1945 #404

Latin Inscription

Transcription	TEGERNA \| CUSFILI \| USMARTI \| HICIACIT
Reading	TEGERNACUS FILIUS MARTI HIC IACIT
Translation	Tegernacus, son of Martius, lies here

Ogham Inscription

Ogham Text	ᚈᚓᚌᚓ (left edge, bottom-to-top)
Transcription	TEGE[--]
Reading	TEGE[--]
Translation	Tege...

Kenfig Stone (KENFG/1)

Site	Kenfig, Bridgend.
NGR	SS 8000 8400
Current Location	Margam Stones Museum [no. 2], Port Talbot.
History	Discovered in 1578 by the side of the road between Eglwys Nynnydd and Pyle Station.
Description	Sandstone pillar stone with a vertical Latin inscription in two lines on one face, and an Ogham inscription on the left and right edges.
Dimensions	1.35 × 0.52 × 0.35 m.
Date	500–599 (Nash-Williams 1950)
Notes
References	CISP KENFG/1 Macalister 1945 #409 Nash-Williams 1950 198 Ferguson 1887 204 Brash 1869 151

Macalister 1945 #409

Latin Inscription

Transcription	P{VM}PEIVS \| CARANTORIVS
Reading	PVMPEIVS CARANTORIVS
Translation	Pumpeius Carantorius

Ogham Inscription

Ogham Text	ᚘᚑᚘᚔᚐᚄ  (left edge, bottom-to-top)
Ogham Text	ᚏᚑᚂᚔᚑᚅᚋᚐᚊᚔᚂᚂᚓᚅᚐ  (right edge, top-to-bottom)
Transcription	POPIA[--] \| ROL[--]NM[--]ILL[--]NA
Reading	POPIA[S] ROL[IO]N M[AQ]I LL[E]NA
Translation	Of Popia, ... son of Llena
Notes	Macalister reads two separate inscriptions, PAMPES (corresponding to the Latin PVMPEIVS) and ROL[ACU]N M[A]Q ILLUNA.

Margam Stone (MARG1/1)

Site	Margam Mountain (Mynydd Margam), Margam, Neath Port Talbot.
NGR	SS 8306 8878
Current Location	Margam Stones Museum [no. 3], Port Talbot.
History	Discovered in 1695 on Margam Mountain, near a pool called Llyn-dwr-mawr.
Description	Pillar stone with a vertical Latin inscription in four lines on one face, and an engraved Maltese cross on the top.
Dimensions	1.01 × 0.33 × 0.22 m.
Date	500–599 (Nash-Williams 1950)
Notes	Marked as an Ogham stone on the Ordnance Survey Map of Britain in the Dark Ages, but no Ogham inscription is noted in the CISP database.
References	CISP MARG1/1 Macalister 1945 #408 Nash-Williams 1950 229

Macalister 1945 #408

Latin Inscription

Transcription	BODVOCꟷHICI{A}CIT \| {FI}{LI}VSC{A}TOTIGIRNI \| PRONEPVSETERN{A}L/I \| VEDOM{A}Vꟷ
Reading	BODVOCI HIC IACIT FILIVS CATOTIGIRNI PRONEPVS ETERNALI VEDOMAVI
Translation	Of Bodvoc, here lies the son of Catotigirnus and great-grandson of Eternalis Vedomavus

Loughor Stone (LOUGH/1)

Site	Loughor Rectory, Loughor, Swansea.
NGR	SS 5753 9816
Current Location	Swansea Museum [SWASM:SM1952.11].
History	Discovered in 1857 in Loughor Rectory garden, at which time it was being used as a step leading up to the house.
Description	Sandstone Roman altar stone with a fragmentary Ogham inscription along one edge of the base.
Dimensions	1.10 × 0.53 × 0.53 m.
Date	400–533 (Nash-Williams 1950)
Notes	Roman altar.
References	CISP LOUGH/1 Macalister 1945 #405 Nash-Williams 1950 228 Ferguson 1887 186 Brash 1869 167

Macalister 1945 #405

Ogham Inscription

Ogham Text	ᚂ  ᚂᚔᚉᚐ  (left edge, bottom-to-top)
Transcription	[--]L[--][L^V]ICA
Reading	[--]L[--][L^V]ICA
Translation	Of ...lica (or Of ...vica)
Notes	Macalister reads the name as G[R]AVICA.

Pembrokeshire (Sir Benfro)

Brawdy Stone I (BRAW1/1)

Site	Cas Wilia (Castell Villia) Farm, Brawdy, Pembrokeshire.
NGR	SM 8820 2760
Current Location	Inside the Church porch, Brawdy church.
History	Discovered in 1883, at which time it was being used as a gatepost.
Description	Irregularly shaped pillar stone with an Ogham inscription along one edge.
Dimensions	2.69 × 0.84 × 0.56 m.
Date	400–533 (Nash-Williams 1950)
Notes
References	CISP BRAW1/1 Macalister 1945 #423 Nash-Williams 1950 296

Macalister 1945 #423

Ogham Inscription

Ogham Text	ᚋᚐᚊᚔᚊᚐᚌᚈᚓ  (left edge, bottom-to-top)
Transcription	M[--]Q[--]QAGTE
Reading	M[A]Q[I] QAGTE
Translation	[...] the son of Quagte

Brawdy Stone II (BRAW3/1)

Site	Cas Wilia (Castell Villia) Farm, Brawdy, Pembrokeshire.
NGR	SM 8840 2750
Current Location	Inside the Church porch, St David's Church, Brawdy.
History	Discovered in 1680, at which time it was being used as a footbridge over a stream.
Description	Pillar stone with a vertical Latin inscription in three lines on one face, and an Ogham inscription along the left edge.
Dimensions	2.06 × 0.53 × 0.38 m.
Date	500–599 (Nash-Williams 1950) 500–599 (Thomas 1994)
Notes
References	CISP BRAW3/1 Macalister 1945 #422 Nash-Williams 1950 298

Macalister 1945 #422

Latin Inscription

Transcription	VENDAGNI \| FILI V[--] \| [--]NI
Reading	VENDAGNI FILI V[--]NI
Translation	Vendagnus, son of V[..]nus

Ogham Inscription

Ogham Text	ᚃᚓᚅᚇᚑᚌᚅᚔ  (left edge, bottom-to-top)
Transcription	FENDOGNI
Reading	VENDOGNI
Translation	Of Vendognus

Bridell Stone (BRIDL/1)

Site	St David's Church, Bridell, Pembrokeshire.
NGR	SN 1766 4206
Current Location	In Situ.
History	Discovered in 1860 in the churchyard.
Description	Pointed pillar stone with an engraved cross on one face, and an Ogham inscription along the left edge.
Dimensions	2.29 × 0.66 × 0.17 m.
Date	400–599 (Nash-Williams 1950) 420–430 (Thomas 1994)
Notes
References	CISP BRIDL/1 Macalister 1945 #426 Nash-Williams 1950 300 Ferguson 1887 203

Macalister 1945 #426

Ogham Inscription

Ogham Text	ᚅᚓᚈᚈᚐᚄᚐᚌᚏᚔᚋᚐᚊᚔᚋᚒᚉᚑᚔᚁᚏᚔᚓᚉᚔ  (left edge, bottom-to-top)
Transcription	NETTASAGRIMAQIMUCOIBRIECI
Reading	NETTASAGRI MAQI MUCOI BRIECI
Translation	Of Nettasagrus, son of the tribe of Brecos
Notes	This is the reading given by Thomas 1994. Macalister 1945 and Nash-Williams 1950 give slightly different readings, NETTASAGRI MAQI MUCOE BRIACI and NETTASAGRU MAQI MUCOI BRECI respectively.

Caldey Island Stone (CALDY/1)

Site	Caldey Priory, Caldey Island (Ynys Byr), Penally, Pembrokeshire.
NGR	SS 1400 9630
Current Location	Inside the restored priory chapel, Caldey Island.
History	Discovered in 1810 in the ruins of the old priory.
Description	Sandstone pillar stone with a horizontal Latin inscription in eight lines on one face, an Ogham inscription on the left and right edges, and an engraved cross on each of the four faces.
Dimensions	1.73 × 0.41 × 0.10 m.
Date	400–599 (Nash-Williams 1950)
Notes
References	CISP CALDY/1 Macalister 1945 #427 Nash-Williams 1950 301A Ferguson 1887 202

Macalister 1945 #427

Latin Inscription

Transcription	E/TSINGNOCR \| UCISINILLAM \| FINGSIROGO \| OMNIBUSAM \| MULANTIBUS \| IBIEXORENT \| PROANIMÆ \| CATUOCONI
Reading	ET SIGNO CRUCIS IN ILLAM FINXI ROGO OMNIBUS AMBULANTIBUS IBI EXORENT PRO ANIMÆ CATUOCONI
Translation	And by the sign of the Cross (which) I have fashioned upon that (stone) I ask all who walk there that they pray for the soul of Catuoconus

Ogham Inscription

Ogham Text	ᚋᚐᚌᚂᚔᚐᚇᚒᚁᚏᚐᚉᚒᚅᚐᚄ  (left edge, bottom-to-top)
	ᚋᚐᚊᚔ  ᚔᚅᚁ  (right edge, top-to-bottom)
Transcription	MAGL[--]DUBR[--] \| [--]INB
Reading	MAGL[IA] DUBR[ACUNAS] [MAQI] [--]INB
Translation	Of Maglia-Dubracunas, son of ...
Notes	This is the reading given by Nash-Williams 1950. Macalister reads the letters on the right edge as QI instead of INB.

Cilgerran Stone (CILGN/1)

Site	St Llawddog's Church, Cilgerran, Pembrokeshire.
NGR	SN 1960 4305
Current Location	In Situ.
History	Discovered in 1855 in the churchyard, at the south side of the church.
Description	Pillar stone with a vertical Latin inscription in two lines on one face, and an Ogham inscription along the right edge.
Dimensions	1.50 × 0.34 × 0.34 m.
Date	500–599 (Nash-Williams 1950) 600–633 (Jackson 1953) 600–633 (Thomas 1994)
Notes
References	CISP CILGN/1 Macalister 1945 #428 Nash-Williams 1950 305 Ferguson 1887 194

Photograph by Plucas58, 16 June 2010

Macalister 1945 #428

Latin Inscription

Transcription	TRENEGUSSIFILI \| MACUTRENIHICIACIT
Reading	TRENEGUSSI FILI MACUTRENI HIC IACIT
Translation	Of Trenegussus, son of Macutrenus, he lies here

Ogham Inscription

Ogham Text	ᚈᚏᚓᚅᚐᚌᚒᚄᚔᚋᚐᚊᚔᚋᚐᚊᚔᚈᚏᚓᚅᚔ  (right edge, bottom-to-top)
Transcription	TRENAGUSIMAQIMAQITRENI
Reading	TRENAGUSI MAQI MAQITRENI
Translation	Of Trenagusus, son of Maquitrenus

Clydau Stone I (CLYDI/1)

Site	St Clydey's Church, Clydau (Clydaï), Pembrokeshire.
NGR	SN 2500 3540
Current Location	Inside the church.
History	Discovered in 1860 in the north wall of the churchyard.
Description	Pillar stone with a vertical Latin inscription in one line on one face, and an Ogham inscriptuion along the left and right edges. The top of the stone has been trimmed away to make a base for a sundial, losing part of he Ogham inscription.
Dimensions	1.79 × 0.33 × 0.25 m.
Date	400–533 (Nash-Williams 1950) 500–533 (Jackson 1953)
Notes
References	CISP CLYDI/1 Macalister 1945 #430 Nash-Williams 1950 306 Ferguson 1887 193

Macalister 1945 #430

Latin Inscription

Transcription	ETTERNꟷ{FIL}IVICTOR
Reading	ETTERNI FILI VICTOR
Translation	Of Etternus, son of Victor

Ogham Inscription

Ogham Text	ᚓᚈᚈᚓᚏᚅᚔ (left edge, bottom-to-top)
	ᚋᚐᚊᚔᚃᚔᚉᚈᚑᚏ  (right edge, top-to-bottom)
Transcription	ETTERN[--] \| [--]TOR
Reading	ETTERN[I] [MAQI VIC]TOR
Translation	Of Etternus, son of Victor

Clydau Stone II (CLYDI/3)

Site	St Clydey's Church, Clydau (Clydaï), Pembrokeshire.
NGR	SN 2500 3540
Current Location	Inside the church.
History	Discovered in 1698 in the churchyard.
Description	Pillar stone with a vertical Latin inscription in two lines on one face, an Ogham inscription along the right edge, and an engraved cross at one end.
Dimensions	1.47 × 0.41 × 0.13 m.
Date	400–533 (Nash-Williams 1950) 500–566 (Jackson 1953)
Notes	The cross was added later, changing the original orientation of the stone.
References	CISP CLYDI/3 Macalister 1945 #431 Nash-Williams 1950 308 Ferguson 1887 200

Macalister 1945 #431

Latin Inscription

Transcription	DOB[-]TVCI \| FILIVSEVOLENG[-]
Reading	DOB[I]TVCI FILIVS EVOLENG[I]
Translation	Of Dobitucus, son of Evolengus

Ogham Inscription

Ogham Text	ᚇᚑᚃᚐᚈᚒᚉᚓᚐᚄ  (right edge, bottom-to-top)
Transcription	D[--]F[--]TUCEAS
Reading	D[O]V[A]TUCEAS
Translation	Of Dovatucis
Notes	This is the reading given by Nash-Williams 1950. Macalister 1945 reads DOVATACIS.

Jordanston Stone (JRDNS/1)

Site	Llangwarren House, Jordanston, Pembrokeshire.
NGR	SM 9290 3130
Current Location	Built into the external corner of a stable adjoining Llangwarren House.
History	Discovered in 1896 on the Llangwarren farm, at which time it was being used as a gatepost.
Description	Pillar stone with a vertical Latin inscription in two lines on one face, and an Ogham inscription along the left edge.
Dimensions	1.45 × 0.58 × 0.25 m.
Date	400–533 (Nash-Williams 1950) 466–533 (Jackson 1953)
Notes
References	CISP JRDNS/1 Macalister 1945 #432 Nash-Williams 1950 312

Macalister 1945 #432

Latin Inscription

Transcription	TIGERNACI \| DOBAGNI
Reading	TIGERNACI DOBAGNI
Translation	Of Tigernacus Dobagnus

Ogham Inscription

Ogham Text	ᚇᚑᚃᚐᚌᚅᚔ  (left edge, bottom-to-top)
Transcription	DOFAGNI
Reading	DOVAGNI
Translation	Of Dovagnus

Llandeilo Stone (LDEIL/1)

Site	St Teilo's Church, Llandeilo (Llandilo), Maenclochog, Pembrokeshire.
NGR	SN 0996 2691
Current Location	By the gateway to the churchyard of the now ruined St Teilo's Church.
History	Discovered in 1889 inside the church.
Description	Pillar stone with a vertical Latin inscription in two lines on one face, an Ogham inscription along the left edge, and an engraved cross at one end.
Dimensions	1.73 × 0.46 × 0.18 m.
Date	400–533 (Nash-Williams 1950) 500–566 (Jackson 1953)
Notes
References	CISP LDEIL/1 Macalister 1945 #433 Nash-Williams 1950 313

Macalister 1945 #433

Latin Inscription

Transcription	ANDAGELLꟷIACIT \| {FI}LIC{AV}ETꟷ
Reading	ANDAGELLI IACIT FILI CAVETI
Translation	Of Andagellus, he lies (here), the son of Cavetus

Ogham Inscription

Ogham Text	ᚐᚅᚇᚐᚌᚓᚂᚂᚔᚋᚐᚉᚃᚉᚐᚃᚓᚈᚔ  (left edge, bottom-to-top)
Transcription	[--]NDAGELLIMACFCAF[--]
Reading	[A]NDAGELLI MACV CAV[ETI]
Translation	Of Andagellus, son of Cavetus
Notes	The unusual MACV for MAQI is read as macu by Thomas 1994.

Llanfrynach Stone (LFRN2/1)

Site	Trehowel Farm, Mynydd Stambar, Llanfrynach, Pembrokeshire.
NGR	SN 1740 2920
Current Location	In the graveyard of Glandwr Baptist Chapel.
History	Discovered in 1908 near Trehowel farmhouse, at which time it was being used as a gatepost.
Description	Pillar stone with an engraved cross on one face, and an Ogham inscription along the right edge.
Dimensions	1.45 × 0.32 × 0.35 m.
Date	400–533 (Nash-Williams 1950)
Notes
References	CISP LFRN2/1 Macalister 1945 #439 Nash-Williams 1950 319

Macalister 1945 #439

Ogham Inscription

Ogham Text	ᚓᚃᚓᚄᚄᚐᚅᚌᚔᚐᚄᚓᚌᚅᚔ (right edge, bottom-to-top)
Transcription	EF[--]SS[--]NG[--]ASEG[--]
Reading	EF[E]SS[A]NG[I] ASEG[NI]
Translation	Of Efessangus Asegnus
Notes	This is the reading given in Nash-Williams 1950. Macalister 1945 reads the inscriptions as INg[E]NS[A]Ng[KT]ASEGNI (=INGEN SANGKTA SEGNI) "The sainted daughter of Segne".

Mathry Stone (MTHRY/1)

Site	Mathry Church, Mathry, Pembrokeshire.
NGR	SM 8790 3200
Current Location	Inside the church porch.
History	Discovered in 1698 (in the churchyard?)
Description	Pillar stone with a horizontal Latin inscription in four lines on one face.
Dimensions	1.35 × 0.43 × 0.18 m.
Date	400–533 (Nash-Williams 1937) 466–533 (Jackson 1953)
Notes	The Ogham inscription is uncertain. "Mutilated traces of Ogams" (Nash-Williams 1937 p.386); "Illegible ogam" (Jackson 1953 p.140).
References	CISP MTHRY/1 Macalister 1945 #442 Nash-Williams 1950 346

Nash-Williams 1950 #346

Latin Inscription

Transcription	[MAC] \| CVDICCL[I] \| FILIVS \| CATIC \| VVS
Reading	MACCVDICCL[I] FILIVS CATICVVS
Translation	Of Maccudicclus, son [of] Caticuus

Nevern Stone I (NEVRN/1)

Site	St Brynach's Church, Nevern, Pembrokeshire.
NGR	SN 0830 4000
Current Location	Inside the church (built into the sill of the east window in the south wall).
History	Discovered in 1904 inside the church, at which time it was being used as a lintel.
Description	Pillar stone with a vertical Latin inscription in one line on one side, and an Ogham inscription along the left and top edges.
Dimensions	1.59 × 0.33 × 0.10 m.
Date	400–533 (Nash-Williams 1950) 500–540 (Thomas 1994) 450–499 (Jackson 1953)
Notes
References	CISP NEVRN/1 Macalister 1945 #446 Nash-Williams 1950 353

Macalister 1945 #446

Latin Inscription

Transcription	MAGLOCVNFILICLVTORꟷ
Reading	MAGLOCVN<I> FILI CLVTORI
Translation	Of Maglocunus, son of Clutorius

Ogham Inscription

Ogham Text	ᚋᚐᚌᚂᚔᚉᚒᚅᚐᚄᚋᚐᚊᚔᚉᚂᚒᚈᚐᚏᚔ (left edge, bottom-to-top)
Transcription	MAGLICUNASMAQICLUTA[RI]
Reading	MAGLICUNAS MAQI CLUTA[RI]
Translation	Of Maglicunas, son of Clutarias

Nevern Stone II (NEVRN/2)

Site	St Brynach's Church, Nevern, Pembrokeshire.
NGR	SN 0830 4000
Current Location	In the churchyard (near the south wall of the nave).
History	Discovered in 1695 in the churchyard on the north side of the church.
Description	Pillar stone with a horizontal Latin inscription in two lines on one face, and an Ogham inscription along the left edge.
Dimensions	1.93 × 0.61 × 0.51 m.
Date	400–533 (Nash-Williams 1950) 400–499 (Jackson 1953) 466–533 (Thomas 1994)
Notes
References	CISP NEVRN/2 Macalister 1945 #445 Nash-Williams 1950 354 Ferguson 1887 188

Macalister 1945 #445

Latin Inscription

Transcription	VIT{AL}IANI \| EMERETO
Reading	VITALIANI EMERETO
Translation	Of Vitalianus Emereto(s)

Ogham Inscription

Ogham Text	ᚃᚔᚈᚐᚂᚔᚐᚅᚔ  (left edge, bottom-to-top)
Transcription	FITALIANI
Reading	VITALIANI
Translation	Of Vitalianus

St Dogmaels> Stone (SDOGM/1)

Site	St Dogmaels Abbey, St Dogmaels, Pembrokeshire.
NGR	SN 1640 4580
Current Location	Inside St Thomas's Church.
History	Discovered in 1694, at which time it was being used as footbridge over a brook in the grounds of the abbey.
Description	Gritstone pillar stone with a vertical Latin inscription in two lines on one face, and an Ogham inscriptin along the left edge.
Dimensions	2.13 × 0.48 × 0.20 m.
Date	400–533 (Nash-Williams 1950) 466–533 (Jackson 1953)
Notes
References	CISP SDOGM/1 Macalister 1945 #449 Nash-Williams 1950 384 Ferguson 1887 191 Brash 1869 155

Macalister 1945 #449

Latin Inscription

Transcription	SAGRANIFILI \| CVNOTAMI
Reading	SAGRANI FILI CVNOTAMI
Translation	Of Sagranus, son of Cunotamus

Ogham Inscription

Ogham Text	ᚄᚐᚌᚏᚐᚌᚅᚔᚋᚐᚊᚔᚉᚒᚅᚐᚈᚐᚋᚔ  (left edge, bottom-to-top)
Transcription	SAGRAGNIMAQICUNATAMI
Reading	SAGRAGNI MAQI CUNATAMI
Translation	Of Sagragnus, son of Cunatamus

St Dogwell's Stone (SDOGW/1)

Site	Little Trefgarne (Trefgarn Fach) Farm, St Dogwell's, Pembrokeshire.
NGR	SM 9640 2420
Current Location	In the churchyard at St Dogwell's Church.
History	Found in 1875, at which tie it was being used as a gatepost on the road leading to the farm.
Description	Irregularly shaped pillar stone with a vertical Latin inscription in two lines on one face, and an Ogham inscription along the right edge.
Dimensions	1.85 × 0.53 × 0.23 m.
Date	500–599 (Nash-Williams 1950) 500–533 (Jackson 1953)
Notes
References	CISP SDOGW/1 Macalister 1945 #450 Nash-Williams 1950 390 Ferguson 1887 190

Macalister 1945 #450

Latin Inscription

Transcription	HOGTIVISFILI \| DEMETI
Reading	HOGTIVIS FILI DEMETI
Translation	Of Hogtivis, son of Demetus

Ogham Inscription

Ogham Text	ᚑᚌᚈᚓᚅᚐᚄ  (medial edge, bottom-to-top)
Transcription	OGTEN[--]
Reading	OGTEN[AS]
Translation	Of Ogtenas
Notes	This is the reading of Macalister 1945 and Thomas 1994. Rhys 1918 and Nash-Williams 1950 give the reading OGTEN[LO].

Spittal Stone (SPTTL/1)

Site	St Mary's Church, Spittal, Pembrokeshire.
NGR	SM 9758 2291
Current Location	In the porch of St Mary's Church.
History	Discovered in 1861 in the churchyard at the east side of the south porch.
Description	Pillar stone with a vertical Latin inscription in three lines on one face.
Dimensions	1.47 × 0.53 × 0.46 m.
Date	400–533 (Nash-Williams 1950)
Notes	Information about the stone in situ states that originally there were both Latin and Ogham inscriptions on it, but the Ogham letters are no longer visible. However, neither the CISP database nor the Ordnance Survey Map of Britain in the Dark Ages indicate an Ogham inscription on this stone.
References	CISP SPTTL/1 Macalister 1945 #454 Nash-Williams 1950 402

Macalister 1945 #454

Latin Inscription

Transcription	E{VA}LIFILIDENCVꟷ \| C{VN}IOVENDE \| {MA}TEREIVS
Reading	EVALI FILI DENCVI CVNIOVENDE MATER EIVS
Translation	Of Evalus, son of Dencuus; Cuniovende, his mother [set it up(?)]

Steynton Stone (STNTN/1)

Site	Church of St Peter and St Cewydd, Steynton, Pembrokeshire.
NGR	SM 9180 0780
Current Location	Inside the church.
History	Found 1875 or earlier, and used as a gravestone in the churchyard (near the south-east end of the church) from 1875. Ogham inscription first recognised in 1880.
Description	Pillar stone with an engraved cross on one face, and an Ogham inscription along the left edge.
Dimensions	1.24 × 0.51 × 0.27 m.
Date	400–533 (Nash-Williams 1950) 466–499 (Thomas 1994)
Notes	Used as a gravestone in Victorian times, with an epitaph to T. Harries (died 30 January 1875) who reputedly found the stone.
References	CISP STNTN/1 Macalister 1945 #456 Nash-Williams 1950 404

Macalister 1945 #456

Latin Inscription

Transcription	GE[NDILI]
Reading	GE[NDILI]
Translation	Of Gendilus

Ogham Inscription

Ogham Text	ᚌᚓᚅᚇᚔᚂᚔ  (left edge, bottom-to-top)
Transcription	GENDILI
Reading	GENDILI
Translation	Of Gendilius

References

CISP : Celtic Inscribed Stones Project. Department of History and the Institute of Archaeology, University College London.
NMR : National Monuments Records. English Heritage.
Brash 1869 : Richard Rolt Brash, "The Ogham Inscribed Stones of Wales"; in Archæologia Cambrensis‎ 3rd series vol.15 (1869) pages 148–167.
Ferguson 1887 : Samuel Ferguson, Ogham Inscriptions in Ireland, Wales, and Scotland. Edinburgh, 1887.
Jackson 1953 : K. H. Jackson, Language and History in Early Britain. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1953.
Macalister 1945 : R. A. S. Macalister, Corpus Inscriptionum Insularum Celticarum Vol. I. Dublin: Stationery Office, 1945.
Nash-Williams 1950 : V. E. Nash-Williams, The Early Christian Monuments of Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1950.
Okasha 1993 : Elisabeth Okasha, Corpus of Early Christian Inscribed Stones of South-west Britain. Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1993.
Thomas 1994 : Charles Thomas, And Shall These Mute Stones Speak? Post-Roman Inscriptions in Western Britain. Cardiff, 1994.

Key

The following conventions are used in the transcription of Latin, Runic and Ogham inscriptions :

[X] = letter X assumed but it is unclear or uncertain
[X^Y] = letter is uncertain but may be either X or Y
[X!] = Ogham letter is incomplete, and may be X or any letter from the same series as X with more strokes than X (e.g. [T!] is equivalent to [T^C^Q], and [A!] is equivalemt to [A^O^U^E^I])
[-] = single missing or obliterated letter
[--] = unknown number of missing or obliterated letters
{X} = unusual glyph form of letter X (description on mouseover)
{XY} = ligatured form of letters X and Y
(X) = letter X in the inscription is extraneous and should be omitted in the reading
<X> = letter X is missing in the insciption and should be added in the reading

Transcription of Ogham Letters
Letter	Name	Transcription	Notes
ᚁ	Beith	B
ᚂ	Luis	L
ᚃ	Fearn	F	Read as F or V.
ᚄ	Sail	S
ᚅ	Nion	N
ᚆ	Uath	H
ᚇ	Dair	D	Variants include 'Rabbit-eared D'.
ᚈ	Tinne	T
ᚉ	Coll	C
ᚊ	Ceirt	Q
ᚋ	Muin	M
ᚌ	Gort	G
ᚍ	nGéadal	W	Read as Ng or Gw.
ᚎ	Straif	Z	Read as Z or St.
ᚏ	Ruis	R	Double R is occasionally written as a crosshatched ligature.
ᚐ	Ailm	A	Variants include 'Hammerhead A' and 'S-shaped A'.
ᚑ	Onn	O
ᚒ	Úr	U
ᚓ	Eadhadh	E
ᚔ	Iodhadh	I
ᚕ	Eabhadh	X	Read as É or K.
ᚖ	Ór	Ó
ᚗ	Uilleann	Ú
ᚘ	Ifin	P	Written as a single cross under the stemline in epigraphic texts.
ᚙ	Eamhancholl		Not found in epigraphic texts.

Fonts

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Revised: 2015-03-02

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